Unit 5 · Advanced Topics

Complete Python Revision and University Important Programs

This is the final revision chapter covering all 5 units with quick summaries, the top 20 most-asked university exam programs with solutions, and a quick reference cheat sheet for last-minute preparation.

Unit-wise Quick Revision

Unit 1 — Introduction to Programming & Python

Programming is the process of giving instructions to a computer in a language it understands.
Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language created by Guido van Rossum (1991).
Data Types: int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, dict, set.
Operators: Arithmetic (+, -, *, /, //, %, **), Relational (==, !=, >, <), Logical (and, or, not), Assignment (=, +=), Membership (in, not in).
Input/Output: input() reads string; print() displays output.
Type Conversion: int(), float(), str(), bool().
Keywords: 35 reserved words — if, else, elif, for, while, break, continue, pass, class, def, return, import, from, True, False, None, etc.

Unit 2 — Control Structures & Strings

if / if-else / if-elif-else: Conditional execution based on boolean expressions.
for loop: Iterates over a sequence (range, list, string, tuple).
while loop: Repeats as long as condition is True.
Loop Control: break (exit loop), continue (skip iteration), pass (no-op).
Lists: Mutable, ordered — append(), insert(), remove(), sort(), reverse(), slicing.
Tuples: Immutable, ordered — indexing, slicing.
Dictionary: Key-value pairs — keys(), values(), items(), get().
Strings: Immutable — upper(), lower(), split(), join(), strip(), replace(), find(), format().
String Slicing: s[start:end:step]

Unit 3 — Functions

def keyword: Defines a function. def func_name(params):
Arguments: Positional, default, keyword, *args, **kwargs.
Return: return sends value back; without it, function returns None.
Scope: Local (inside function), Global (outside), global keyword.
Lambda: Anonymous one-line function — lambda x: x * 2
Recursion: Function calls itself. Must have base case to avoid infinite recursion.
map(), filter(), reduce(): Functional programming tools.

Unit 4 — OOP & Advanced Concepts

Class & Object: Blueprint (class) vs instance (object). __init__ constructor, self parameter.
Encapsulation: Data hiding using private variables (__var), getters/setters.
Inheritance: Child inherits from parent — single, multiple, multilevel, hierarchical. super() calls parent.
Polymorphism: Method overriding, duck typing, operator overloading (__add__, __len__, __str__).
Exception Handling: try / except / else / finally, raise keyword, built-in exceptions.
File Handling: open(), read(), write(), close(), with statement.

Unit 5 — Advanced Topics

NumPy: ndarray, array(), zeros(), ones(), arange(), linspace(), shape, dtype, broadcasting.
Pandas: Series, DataFrame, read_csv(), head(), info(), describe(), iloc, loc, filtering.
Matplotlib: plot(), bar(), hist(), scatter(), pie(), title(), xlabel(), legend(), show(), savefig().
Inheritance & Polymorphism: Covered in OOP (Unit 4) but tested in Unit 5 exams.

Top 20 University Exam Programs

1. Fibonacci Series

Print the first N terms of the Fibonacci series.

def fibonacci(n):
    a, b = 0, 1
    for _ in range(n):
        print(a, end=" ")
        a, b = b, a + b

fibonacci(10)
# Output: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

2. Factorial of a Number

def factorial(n):
    if n == 0 or n == 1:
        return 1
    return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5))  # 120

3. Prime Number Check

def is_prime(n):
    if n < 2:
        return False
    for i in range(2, int(n**0.5) + 1):
        if n % i == 0:
            return False
    return True

print(is_prime(17))  # True
print(is_prime(15))  # False

4. Palindrome Check

def is_palindrome(s):
    s = s.lower().replace(" ", "")
    return s == s[::-1]

print(is_palindrome("Madam"))   # True
print(is_palindrome("Hello"))    # False

5. Matrix Multiplication

def multiply_matrices(A, B):
    rows_A, cols_A = len(A), len(A[0])
    cols_B = len(B[0])
    result = [[0] * cols_B for _ in range(rows_A)]

    for i in range(rows_A):
        for j in range(cols_B):
            for k in range(cols_A):
                result[i][j] += A[i][k] * B[k][j]
    return result

A = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
B = [[5, 6], [7, 8]]
for row in multiply_matrices(A, B):
    print(row)
# [19, 22]
# [43, 50]

6. Sorting — Bubble Sort & Selection Sort

# Bubble Sort
def bubble_sort(arr):
    n = len(arr)
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(0, n - i - 1):
            if arr[j] > arr[j + 1]:
                arr[j], arr[j+1] = arr[j+1], arr[j]
    return arr

# Selection Sort
def selection_sort(arr):
    n = len(arr)
    for i in range(n):
        min_idx = i
        for j in range(i+1, n):
            if arr[j] < arr[min_idx]:
                min_idx = j
        arr[i], arr[min_idx] = arr[min_idx], arr[i]
    return arr

print(bubble_sort([64, 34, 25, 12, 22]))
# [12, 22, 25, 34, 64]

7. Linear Search & Binary Search

# Linear Search
def linear_search(arr, key):
    for i in range(len(arr)):
        if arr[i] == key:
            return i
    return -1

# Binary Search (sorted array)
def binary_search(arr, key):
    low, high = 0, len(arr) - 1
    while low <= high:
        mid = (low + high) // 2
        if arr[mid] == key:
            return mid
        elif arr[mid] < key:
            low = mid + 1
        else:
            high = mid - 1
    return -1

data = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
print(binary_search(data, 30))  # 2

8. String Reversal

# Method 1: Slicing
s = "Hello World"
print(s[::-1])  # dlroW olleH

# Method 2: Loop
def reverse_str(s):
    result = ""
    for ch in s:
        result = ch + result
    return result

print(reverse_str("Python"))  # nohtyP

9. File Word Count

def count_words(filename):
    with open(filename, "r") as f:
        text = f.read()
    words = text.split()
    print(f"Total words: {len(words)}")
    print(f"Total lines: {len(text.splitlines())}")
    print(f"Total characters: {len(text)}")

count_words("sample.txt")

10. Class and Object Program

class Student:
    def __init__(self, name, marks):
        self.name = name
        self.marks = marks

    def grade(self):
        if self.marks >= 90: return "A+"
        elif self.marks >= 80: return "A"
        elif self.marks >= 70: return "B"
        else: return "C"

    def display(self):
        print(f"{self.name}: {self.marks} ({self.grade()})")

s1 = Student("Amit", 92)
s2 = Student("Priya", 78)
s1.display()  # Amit: 92 (A+)
s2.display()  # Priya: 78 (B)

11. Inheritance Program

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} makes a sound"

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} barks"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} meows"

for a in [Dog("Buddy"), Cat("Kitty")]:
    print(a.speak())

12. Exception Handling Program

try:
    num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
    result = 100 / num
    print(f"Result: {result}")
except ValueError:
    print("Invalid input! Please enter a number.")
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Cannot divide by zero!")
finally:
    print("Execution completed.")

13. List Operations Program

numbers = [5, 2, 8, 1, 9, 3]

print("Original:", numbers)
numbers.append(7)
numbers.sort()
print("Sorted:", numbers)
print("Sum:", sum(numbers))
print("Max:", max(numbers))
print("Even:", [x for x in numbers if x % 2 == 0])

14. Dictionary Operations Program

student = {"name": "Amit", "age": 22, "marks": 85}

student["grade"] = "A"
del student["age"]

for key, val in student.items():
    print(f"{key}: {val}")

print("Keys:", list(student.keys()))
print("Marks:", student.get("marks", 0))

15. Function with Return Value

def calculate(a, b, op="add"):
    if op == "add": return a + b
    elif op == "sub": return a - b
    elif op == "mul": return a * b
    elif op == "div": return a / b if b != 0 else "Error"

print(calculate(10, 5, "add"))  # 15
print(calculate(10, 3, "mul"))  # 30

16. Recursion Program — Power

def power(base, exp):
    if exp == 0:
        return 1
    return base * power(base, exp - 1)

print(power(2, 5))  # 32
print(power(3, 3))  # 27

17. String Methods Program

s = "  Hello, World!  "

print(s.strip())        # "Hello, World!"
print(s.lower())        # "  hello, world!  "
print(s.upper())        # "  HELLO, WORLD!  "
print(s.replace("World", "Python"))
print(s.split(","))     # ['  Hello', ' World!  ']
print(s.count("l"))     # 3
print(s.find("World"))  # 9
print(len(s.strip()))   # 13

18. Calculator Using Functions

def add(a, b): return a + b
def sub(a, b): return a - b
def mul(a, b): return a * b
def div(a, b):
    if b == 0: return "Error: Division by zero"
    return a / b

print("1. Add  2. Sub  3. Mul  4. Div")
ch = input("Choice: ")
a = float(input("First: "))
b = float(input("Second: "))

ops = {"1": add, "2": sub, "3": mul, "4": div}
if ch in ops:
    print("Result:", ops[ch](a, b))
else:
    print("Invalid choice")

19. Student Record Management

students = []

def add_student():
    name = input("Name: ")
    marks = float(input("Marks: "))
    students.append({"name": name, "marks": marks})

def show_all():
    for s in students:
        print(f"{s['name']}: {s['marks']}")

def topper():
    if students:
        t = max(students, key=lambda x: x["marks"])
        print(f"Topper: {t['name']} ({t['marks']})")

# Menu-driven example
for _ in range(3):
    add_student()
show_all()
topper()

20. Basic NumPy / Pandas Program

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

# NumPy array operations
arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
print("Array:", arr)
print("Mean:", np.mean(arr))
print("Std:", np.std(arr))

# Pandas DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame({
    "Name": ["A", "B", "C"],
    "Marks": [85, 92, 78]
})
print(df)
print(df.describe())

Quick Reference Cheat Sheet

String Methods

Method	Description
upper() / lower()	Convert to upper/lower case
strip()	Remove leading/trailing whitespace
split()	Split string into list
join()	Join list into string
replace()	Replace substring
find()	Find index of substring (-1 if not found)
count()	Count occurrences

List Methods

Method	Description
append(x)	Add x to end
insert(i, x)	Insert x at index i
remove(x)	Remove first occurrence of x
pop()	Remove and return last element
sort()	Sort in place
reverse()	Reverse in place
index(x)	Return index of first x

Dictionary Methods

Method	Description
keys()	Return all keys
values()	Return all values
items()	Return (key, value) pairs
get(key, default)	Get value safely with default
update()	Merge another dictionary
pop(key)	Remove and return value

OOP Keywords

Keyword	Usage
class	Define a class
self	Reference to current instance
__init__	Constructor (initializes attributes)
super()	Call parent class methods
isinstance()	Check object type
try/except	Exception handling
raise	Throw a custom exception

NumPy / Pandas / Matplotlib

Library	Key Functions
NumPy	array(), zeros(), ones(), arange(), linspace(), mean(), sum(), std()
Pandas	DataFrame(), read_csv(), head(), describe(), iloc[], loc[], groupby()
Matplotlib	plot(), bar(), hist(), scatter(), pie(), title(), xlabel(), legend(), show()

Final Exam Strategy

Read all questions first — attempt the ones you are most confident about.
For theory questions, write definition + key points + diagram (if applicable).
For programs, write clean code with comments. Always show expected output.
Use proper variable names and indentation — presentation matters.
Practice writing code by hand — university exams are pen-and-paper.
Revise the top 20 programs above — at least 3-4 will appear in your exam.
Don't leave any question blank — write something relevant for partial marks.

Key Points

Cover all 5 units — basics are as important as advanced topics.

Master the top 20 programs — these are the most frequently asked in exams.

Practice writing code by hand without an IDE.

Revise cheat sheets for string, list, dict, and OOP methods.

NumPy + Pandas + Matplotlib together form the data science toolkit.

Always include comments and output in your exam answers.